Artificial selection: the process by which humans change a species by breeding it for a certain trait.
Heritability: the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
Struggle for survival: populations would grow exponentially if resources were unlimited. Instead, disease and a limited food supply keep the population smaller.
Natural Selection: A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than other individuals do.
Variation : the difference in physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
Overproduction : While having many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, it also results in competition
Descent with modification : The longterm effect of natural selection will result in species that have adapted to the new environment in order to survive and reproduce. The generations to come will continuously have that trait, as long as the environment does not change.
Fitness : The measure of the ability to produce more offspring and survive similarly to other members of the population.
Direct selection : The organisms at one end of the curve have a higher fitness therefore through evolution, their population will increase.
Stabilizing selection : At the center of the curve, individuals have the highest fitness. Evolution assures the center maintains in the same position.
Disruptive selection : Organisms at both ends of the curve survive better than those in the center.
Genetic drift : Unpredicted change in allele frequency that happens in small populations
Founder effect : Allele frequencies change due to a migration of a small subgroup of a population.
Bottleneck effect : Large change in an allele frequencies when population decreases dramatically due to a catastrophe.
Antibiotics : A type of medication specified to the resistance of bacteria.
Natural Resistance : The bacteria already had resistance naturally.
Multiple Resistance : Resistant bacteria that survive and rapidly multiply.
Carrying capacity : The number of organisms one environment can support.
Rapid life-history patterns : Common amongst organisms from changeable or unpredictable environments.
Slow life-history patterns : The larger species live in a more stable environment, as they reproduce more maturely and slowly.
Density dependent : Factors include disease, predators, food, parasites, competition.
Density independent : Can affect all populations, regardless of density.
Population density : The number of organisms in an area.
Organism interaction : The sizes of the populations are controlled by carious interactions amongst organisms that share a community.
Predation : Population of pray and predators experience changes in their numbers over periods of time.
Competition : When the regional population increases and the demand for resources exceeds the supply.
Crowdedness : When populations increase and their environment cannot support those numbers.
Demographics : The study of human populations.
Developed countries : Old, wealthy and tend to have decreasing population sizes.
Life expectancy : How long an average newborn will survive in a society.
Gross domestic product per capita : measure of the standard of living.
Developing countries : Populations that tend to be poorer, younger age deaths, and populations are growing more rapidly.
Emigration : When people move out of an area.
Immigration : When people move into an area.
Pronatalist pressure : Increasing the likeliness of individuals within a population to have more children.
Droplet transmission : Cough or sneeze, blood or bodily fluids.
Fecal-Oral Transmission : Sewage water in contact with food.
Water or food transmission : Ingestion of food contaminated with pathogens.
Vector Born Transmission : A vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself, however it is transmitted.
Outbreak : An abnormal health related event.
Epidemic : Exists when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area.
Pandemic : When a disease spreads beyond the region across countries.